Strategi Penanganan Kemiskinan Melalui Analisis Infrastruktur Dasar di Kota Medan
Keywords:
multidimensional poverty, regional development, disparaties, evidence-based strategiesAbstract
Poverty in urban areas such as Medan City cannot be sufficiently explained by conventional economic approaches alone; rather, it necessitates a multidimensional analysis that encompasses the interrelated aspects of education, health, and living standards. This study aims to examine the conditions and trends of multidimensional poverty in Medan City during the 2018–2022 period and to propose evidence-based strategies for regional development. The research adopts a quantitative descriptive method combined with comparative analysis across sub-districts. Secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the Social Service Office, and the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs (Kemenko PMK). The findings indicate that despite the gradual decline in the monetary poverty rate, the non-monetary dimensions of poverty in Medan City remain markedly uneven across regions. Higher levels of deprivation in education and living standards are observed in the northern sub-districts, particularly Medan Belawan and Medan Labuhan, relative to the central and southern regions of the city. These results highlight the need for regional development strategies that prioritize human capital enhancement, equitable distribution of basic infrastructure, and the integration of data-driven socio-economic policies. The multidimensional framework has proven to be a more effective approach for identifying the structural determinants of poverty and reinforcing inclusive and sustainable urban development.
References
[1] D. Narayan et al., Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? Oxford: Oxford University Press for The World Bank, 2000.
[2] S. Alkire and J. Foster, “Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement,” J. Public Econ., vol. 95, no. 7-8, pp. 476-487, Aug. 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006.
[3] S. Alkire and J. Santos, “Measuring acute poverty in the developing world: Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index,” World Dev., vol. 59, pp. 251-274, 2014.
[4] A. Muthia and A. Barikha, “Deprivation of multidimensional poverty in Pekalongan City,” Efficient: Indonesian J. Dev. Econ., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 143-154, June 2022. doi: 10.15294/efficient.v5i2.53153.
[5] T. R. Nuryitmawan, “Comparative study of poverty in Indonesia: Multidimensional poverty and monetary poverty,” J. Ilmu Ekon. Terapan, vol. 1, no. 1, 2016. doi: 10.20473/jiet.v1i1.1847.
[6] A. Sen, Development as Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[7] E. Najitama, G. Maski and A. Manzilati, “Analysis of multidimensional poverty dynamics in Indonesia: The effect of demographic and institutional factors,” J. Innov. Bus. Econ., vol. 4, no. 2, 2020. doi: 10.22219/jibe.v4i02.15630.
[8] F. R. Nuryitmawan, “Standard of living dimension in multidimensional poverty measurement: Evidence from Indonesian regions,” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, vol. 9, no. 22, pp. 112–120, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD
[9] F. Fadllurrohman, “Urban-rural inequality and persistent poverty in Indonesia: A district-level study,” OIKOS J. Ekon., Manag. Bisnis, vol. 8, no. 2, 2016.
[10] R. R. de Campos Pereira, “Spatial Justice – A crucial dimension of sustainability,” TU Delft Repository, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:607d4e74-7572-4933-a825-d09db0cf5ec5
[11] D. R. Cooper and P. S. Schindler, Business Research Methods, 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2021.
[12] J. W. Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 8th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, 2014.
[13] J. W. Creswell and J. D. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2018.
[14] Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan, Laporan P3KE 2022: Pensasaran Percepatan Penghapusan Kemiskinan Ekstrem, Jakarta: Kemenko PMK, 2022.
[15] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Metodologi Analisis Sosial Ekonomi Daerah, Jakarta: BPS, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id
[16] S. Alkire, J. Foster, S. Seth, M. E. Santos, J. Roche, and P. Ballon, Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689491.001.0001
[17] Pemerintah Kota Medan, Rencana Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Daerah (RPKD) Kota Medan 2022–2026, Bappeda Kota Medan, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://medankota.go.id/
[18] A. Scott and M. Storper, “The Nature of Cities: The Scope and Limits of Urban Theory,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2015. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12134.
[19] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kota Medan, Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2023, Medan: BPS, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://medankota.bps.go.id/
[20] S. Alkire and M. E. Santos, “Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries,” OPHI Working Paper No. 38, University of Oxford, 2010.
[21] J. Foster, S. Seth, M. Lokshin, and Z. Sajaia, “A Unified Approach to Measuring Poverty and Inequality: Theory and Practice,” The World Bank, Washington DC, 2013. doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8461-0.
[22] D. E. Sahn and D. C. Stifel, “Exploring Alternative Measures of Welfare in the Absence of Expenditure Data,” Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 463–489, 2003. doi: 10.1111/j.0034-6586.2003.00100.x.
[23] P. Jalan and M. Ravallion, “Geographic Poverty Traps? A Micro Model of Consumption Growth in Rural China,” Journal of Applied Econometrics, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 329–346, 2002. doi: 10.1002/jae.645.
[24] OECD, A Territorial Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals: Synthesis Report, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020. doi: 10.1787/e86fa715-en
[25] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Data-Driven Governance: Strengthening Institutional Capacities for Evidence-Based Policymaking, New York: UNDP, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.undp.org/publications
[26] S. Alkire, J. M. Roche, and A. Vaz, “Multidimensional Poverty Dynamics: Methodology and Results for 34 Countries,” World Development, vol. 68, pp. 280–293, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.11.018.
[27] C. M. Barrett, “Rural Poverty Traps and Spatial Inequality,” World Development, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 1041–1052, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.015.
[28] J. Kanbur and A. J. Venables, “Spatial Inequality and Development,” Oxford University Press, 2005, doi: 10.1093/0199278636.001.0001.
[29] R. Grimm, N. Fox, and M. Baines, Social Innovation, an Answer to Contemporary Societal Challenges? Locating the Concept in Theory and Practice, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 436–455, 2013. doi: 10.1080/13511610.2013.848163
[30] United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023, New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 2023. [Online]. Available: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023
[31] World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2022: Special Focus on Gender, Geneva: WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), 2023. [Online]. Available: https://washdata.org/reports
[32] S. Fainstein, The Just City, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010.
